• Man learns just like an animal
• Man behaves just like an animal
The conjectured if you want some one to learn some new material, present that thing in association with already known material. They not only created a new language but also a new philosophy and a new promise was made that we can understand human behavior by breaking it into small pieces.
Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning was the first type of learning to be discovered and studied within the behaviorist tradition (hence the name classical). The major theorist in the development of classical conditioning is Ivan Pavlov, a Russian scientist trained in biology and medicine (as was his contemporary, Sigmund Freud). Pavlov was studying the digestive system of dogs and became intrigued with his observation that dogs deprived of food began to salivate when one of his assistants walked into the room. He began to investigate this phenomenon and established the laws of classical conditioning
Major concepts
Classical conditioning is Stimulus (s) ----------------Response (R) conditioning. And the stimulus antecedent stimulus causes the involuntary response to occur. Classical conditioning starts with a reflex: an innate, involuntary behavior elicited or caused by an antecedent environmental event. For example, if air is blown into your eye, you blink. You have no voluntary or conscious control over whether the blink occurs or not
• Unconditioned Stimulus leads to Unconditioned Response.
• Conditioned Stimulus before Unconditioned Stimulus.
• Conditioned Stimulus leads to Conditioned Response.
• Un Conditioned Stimulus---- Un Conditioned Response
• Un Conditioned Stimulus---- Conditioned Stimulus -----Unconditioned Response (Repetition)
• Conditioned Stimulus – Conditioned Response.
The specific model for classical conditioning is:
• Unconditioned Stimulus (US) elicits ---------- Unconditioned Response (UR):
• A stimulus will naturally (without learning) elicit or bring about a reflexive response
• Neutral Stimulus (NS)------------------does not elicit the response of interest
• This stimulus (sometimes called an orienting stimulus as it elicits an orienting response) is a neutral stimulus since it does not elicit the Unconditioned (or reflexive) Response.
• The Neutral Stimulus (NS) is repeatedly paired with the Unconditioned/Natural Stimulus (US).
• The NS is transformed into a Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
• That is, when the CS is presented by itself, it elicits or causes the CR (which is the same involuntary response as the UR
• The name changes because it is elicited by a different stimulus. This is written CS elicits & CRIn classical conditioning no new behaviors are learned. Instead, an association is developed (through pairing) between the NS and the US so that the animal / person responds to both events . The following is a restatement of these basic principles using figures of Pavlov's original experiments as an example.
Before conditioning
In order to have classical or respondent conditioning, there must exist a stimulus that will automatically or reflexively elicit a specific response. This stimulus is called the Unconditioned Stimulus or UCS because there is no learning involved in connecting the stimulus and response. There must also be a stimulus that will not elicit this specific response, but will elicit an orienting response. This stimulus is called a Neutral Stimulus.
During conditioning
During conditioning, the neutral stimulus will first be presented, followed by the unconditioned stimulus. Over time, the learner will develop an association between these two stimuli (i.e., will learn to make a connection between the two stimuli
After conditioning
After conditioning, the previously neutral or orienting stimulus will elicit the response previously only elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. The stimulus is now called a conditioned stimulus because it will now elicit a different response as a result of conditioning or learning. The response is now called a conditioned response because it is elicited by a stimulus as a result of learning. The two responses, unconditioned and conditioned, look the same, but they are elicited by different stimuli and are therefore given different labels. Classical conditioning primarily influences our emotional behavior. Things that make us happy, sad, angry, etc. become associated with neutral stimuli that gain our attention. All of our childhood learning is voluntary for instance a person likes green color this could be the result of an association of a nice guest, who show tenderness and always come wearing green color But the question is how people learn to hurt other and become violent? How childhood learning can get connected to other adult behaviors. Pavlov concluded that if an animal learn in this way the man must learn in the same way.
“How we forget” issue
Only tangibles are the subject matter of behaviorists and forgetting is a relevant to memory. Behaviorists subjected the issue of forgetting in the same way.
Extinction
Extinction refers to the weakening/elimination of a CR when the CS is no longer followed by the UCS. Elimination of the conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus- for example, repeatedly rings of bell without presenting food afterward. Pavlov explained the phenomena of forgetting by extinction. So, Major concepts of extinction are
• Conditioned Stimulus – No Un Conditioned Stimulus (Repetition)
• Conditioned Stimulus – No Conditioned Response
