One-way tickets
Under the light of past terrorist activities, terrorist are more likely to buy one way tickets.
Under the light of past terrorist activities, terrorist are more likely to buy one way tickets.
• Pay in cash
In Pakistan paying in cash is quite frequent but in US usually people pay through cards so, paying in cash can be considered as a reason of black money.
In Pakistan paying in cash is quite frequent but in US usually people pay through cards so, paying in cash can be considered as a reason of black money.
• Travel alone
Terrorist usually do not travel with the family
Terrorist usually do not travel with the family
• Persistent patterns
One very important factor is the persistent patterns of traveling; suspected person always buys one way tickets, always pays in cash and travels alone.
Is It Successful?
Is CAPPS is successful? CAPPS did flag two of the four hijackers of flight AA 77 as suspicious when they checked in at Dulles Airport on September 11, 2001.Their bags were searched but they were not given a personal search.
The problem of false positives
Many times passengers face the problem of false positive in simple terms; a false positive normally means that a test claims something to be positive, when that is not the case. For example, a CAPPS identifying a person as terrorist when he is actually not.
September, 9/11 incident of terrorism has changed the way psychologists view the terrorism.After the incident it was realized that only traveling profile is not enough and for further data Psychologists were asked for deeper profiling and cameras were fixed to record the behavior of people at air port. And a deeper profile came forward to avoid the chances of errors.
• Dressing pattern and clothes
• Nationality
• Travel history
• Behavior at airport
• Books purchased at airport
• Cultural and social background
• Nationality
• Travel history
• Behavior at airport
• Books purchased at airport
• Cultural and social background
The Hijacking Epidemic
In 1968 to 1978 a much heightened crime was plane hijacking in US. There was a hijacking epidemic in US and hundreds of local flights were hijacked and diverted to Cuba. Few figures are listed below to show you the picture
In 1968, 36 hijackings 20 of which were US planes diverted to Cuba
In 1969, 71 hijackings, 58 diverted to Cuba
In 1970, 69 hijackings
The Profile In 1970’s
In 1970s psychologists prepared the profiles of hijackers and identified that they were
• Unsuccessful Members of Society
• Socially Inadequate
• Unsteady Occupational Patterns
• Occupational Problems
• Lacking in Resourcefulness
• Feelings of Helplessness & Hopelessness
• Suicidal
• Unconscious –desire to gain control over world
But this profiling is no longer valid on international levels. Now days terrorists are not coming up to the earlier profiling and no terrorist has a typical profile, they are socially adequate have girl friends, happily married with children and have stable businesses or jobs.
Criminal Profiling
Another form of profiling relevant to police work is the criminal profiling, like who is the offender? Or /and what place or person can be the next target of criminal act
Geographic Profiling
Geographic profiling is an investigative aid that predicts the offender's most likely location i.e., home, work, social venues and travel routes).
Racial Profiling
Police initiated action that relies on the race ethnicity, or national origin rather than the behavior of an individual or information that leads the police to a particular criminal. Racial profiling is the inclusion of race as a primary determinant in the characterization of a person considered likely to commit a particular type of crime.
"Driving While Black" is a parody of the real crime driving while intoxicated; it refers to the idea that a driver can be pulled over by a police officer simply because he or she is black and then questioned or searched and charged with a niggling or perhaps non-existent offense. This concept stems from a long history of racism in the United States and other countries. It is generally a reference to racial profiling, as employed by many police forces.
Limits of profiling
There are several limits of profiling like the way it is done: Profiling requires lots of training and experience on the other hand many experts stated that profiling can not be taught or learned as is an art. With all sophistications only profiler can give an ambiguous sketch, can not tell about any thing certainly, it can hardly ever directly point to an individual even the most sophisticated profiling can only yield some judgment of probabilities. Old profiles have been failed because of ever changing different types and styles of terrorists and terrorism acts. It tends to eliminate a large number of people from investigation, innocent people are suspected and this could be problematic as some times profiles miss guide as well i.e. according to profile suspect is 20 years old black while crime was committed by 40 years white.
Two major limits are
1. Individual differences
2. Unpredictability
2. Unpredictability
